Thymosin Alpha 1, purity >98% peptide (TFA removed)

Thymosin Alpha 1, purity >98% peptide (TFA removed)

• COA/MS/HPLC Report
• Handling and Storage of Synthetic Peptides
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

Batch to batch variation of the purity

Ac-SDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVVEEAEN-OH

Ac-Ser-Asp-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Lys-Asp-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Val-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Glu-Asn-OH

28

98.17%

C₁₂₉H₂₁₅N₃₃O₅₅

3108.25

Synthetic

Powder

Thymic Hormones and Their Role in Aging. The increase in the average life span of humans during the last century has been accompanied by a parallel increase in a number of diseases associated with aging, including cancer, and certain infectious and autoimmune diseases. The decline of immunocompetence with aging has been correlated with the increased incidence of these diseases and extensive reviews describing the changes in the immune system during the aging process has recently been published. Although the decline of the immune system is accompanied by alterations in all its compartments, the most affected appears to be the T-cell compartment. Decline in T cell mitogen-induced proliferation, allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR), cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses (CTE), helper T-cell activity, IL2 production, IL2 receptor expression, calcium uptake, PNP activity (PNPpurine nucleoside phosphorylase), adenylate cyclase activity, etc have been observed in T-cells from aging individuals and animals. These changes lead to an increased susceptibility to infections, decrease resistance to tumor growth, and an increased incidence of autoimmune diseases, probably secondary to an immunologic imbalar~ce resulting in an increased response towards self antigens, characterized by a rise in the frequency of autoantibodies observed in aged individuals.

Normally, this peptide will be delivered in lyophilized form and should be stored in a freezer at or below -20 °C. For more details, please refer to the manual: Handling and Storage of Synthetic Peptides

• Sztein MB, Goldstein AL. Thymic hormones--a clinical update. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 1986;9(1):1-18. doi: 10.1007/BF00201901. PMID: 3014672.
• Dominari A, Hathaway Iii D, Pandav K, Matos W, Biswas S, Reddy G, Thevuthasan S, Khan MA, Mathew A, Makkar SS, Zaidi M, Fahem MMM, Beas R, Castaneda V, Paul T, Halpern J, Baralt D. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Virol. 2020 Dec 15;9(5):67-78. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v9.i5.67. PMID: 33362999; PMCID: PMC7747025.

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) has a significant impact on peptides due to its role in the peptide synthesis process.

TFA is essential for the protonation of peptides that lack basic amino acids such as Arginine (Arg), Histidine (His), and Lysine (Lys), or ones that have blocked N-termini. As a result, peptides often contain TFA salts in the final product.

TFA residues, when present in custom peptides, can cause unpredictable fluctuations in experimental data. At a nanomolar (nM) level, TFA can influence cell experiments, hindering cell growth at low concentrations (as low as 10 nM) and promoting it at higher doses (0.5–7.0 mM). It can also serve as an allosteric regulator on the GlyR of glycine receptors, thereby increasing receptor activity at lower glycine concentrations.

In an in vivo setting, TFA can trifluoroacetylate amino groups in proteins and phospholipids, inducing potentially unwanted antibody responses. Moreover, TFA can impact structure studies as it affects spectrum absorption.