PYY (human) peptide

• Handling and Storage of Synthetic Peptides
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

Batch to batch variation of the purity

Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36-amino acid peptide hormone belonging to the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family. It is primarily localized in enteroendocrine L cells located in the epithelial lining of the ileum, colon, and rectum. These cells possess specialized sensory microvilli that project into the intestinal lumen and respond to luminal stimuli, such as nutrients from a protein-rich meal, by releasing PYY. PYY cells also exhibit a unique basal cytoplasmic process, termed a neuropod, which possesses neuronal-like characteristics and contains elements necessary for synaptic transmission, suggesting multiple modes of action including paracrine, endocrine, and neurocrine signaling.

PYY exerts several physiological effects within the gastrointestinal tract. It regulates intestinal motility, secretion, and absorption of water and electrolytes. Its functions include delaying gastric emptying, mediating the ileal brake, and inhibiting gastric and pancreatic secretion. PYY acts by binding to specific G-protein-coupled Y receptors (Y1, Y2, Y5) located on epithelial cells and enteric neurons. Furthermore, PYY plays a role in modulating the release of serotonin from enterochromaffin cells, which influences visceral sensitivity and motor functions.

• Pierre JF, Peters BM, La Torre D, Sidebottom AM, Tao Y, Zhu X, Cham CM, Wang L, Kambal A, Harris KG, Silva JF, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC, Herzog H, Witchley J, Noble SM, Leone VA, Chang EB. Peptide YY: A Paneth cell antimicrobial peptide that maintains Candida gut commensalism. Science. 2023 Aug 4;381(6657):502-508. doi: 10.1126/science.abq3178. Epub 2023 Aug 3. PMID: 37535745; PMCID: PMC10876062.
• Ballantyne GH. Peptide YY(1-36) and peptide YY(3-36): Part I. Distribution, release and actions. Obes Surg. 2006;16(5):651-658. doi:10.1381/096089206776944959
• Lafferty RA, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Established and emerging roles peptide YY (PYY) and exploitation in obesity-diabetes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2021 Apr 1;28(2):253-261. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000612. PMID: 33395088.
• El-Salhy M, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Possible role of peptide YY (PYY) in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Neuropeptides. 2020 Feb;79:101973. doi: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.101973. Epub 2019 Oct 24. PMID: 31727345.

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a common counterion from the purification process using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The presence of TFA can affect the peptide's net weight, appearance, and solubility.

Impact on Net Weight: The TFA salt contributes to the total mass of the product. In most cases, the peptide content constitutes >80% of the total weight, with TFA accounting for the remainder.

Solubility: TFA salts generally enhance the solubility of peptides in aqueous solutions.

In Biological Assays: For most standard in vitro assays, the residual TFA levels do not cause interference. However, for highly sensitive cellular or biochemical studies, please be aware of its presence.