Kisspeptin (zebrafish) peptide

Kisspeptin (zebrafish) peptide

• Handling and Storage of Synthetic Peptides
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

H-YNLNSFGLRY-NH2

H-Tyr-Asn-Leu-Asn-Ser-Phe-Gly-Leu-Arg-Tyr-NH2

10

95.38%

C₅₈H₈₄N₁₆O₁₅

1245.38

Synthetic

Powder

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) possess two kisspeptins, kiss1 and kiss2 and their respective receptors (KissR1) and KissR2]. In the brain of zebrafish, Kiss2 is expressed in the preoptic-hypothalamic area, and Kiss1 is predominantly expressed in the habenula, an evolutionarily conserved epithalamic structure. KissR1 is expressed only in the habenula, while KissR2 is widely distributed in the brain, suggesting that the two kisspeptin systems play specific roles in there. The habenular Kiss1 is involved in the modulation of the raphe nuclei and serotonin-related behaviors such as fear response in the zebrafish.

Normally, this peptide will be delivered in lyophilized form and should be stored in a freezer at or below -20 °C. For more details, please refer to the manual:Handling and Storage of Synthetic Peptides

• Kotani et al (2001) The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54. J.Biol.Chem. 276 34631 PMID: 11457843
• Clarke et al (2015) Comprehensive Review on Kisspeptin and Its Role in Reproductive Disorders. Endocrinology and metabolism 30(2) 124 PMID: 26194072
• Ogawa and Parhar (2018) Biological Significance of Kisspeptin-Kiss 1 Receptor Signaling in the Habenula of Teleost Species. Front. Endocrinol. 9 222 PMID: 29867758

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) has a significant impact on peptides due to its role in the peptide synthesis process.

TFA is essential for the protonation of peptides that lack basic amino acids such as Arginine (Arg), Histidine (His), and Lysine (Lys), or ones that have blocked N-termini. As a result, peptides often contain TFA salts in the final product.

TFA residues, when present in custom peptides, can cause unpredictable fluctuations in experimental data. At a nanomolar (nM) level, TFA can influence cell experiments, hindering cell growth at low concentrations (as low as 10 nM) and promoting it at higher doses (0.5–7.0 mM). It can also serve as an allosteric regulator on the GlyR of glycine receptors, thereby increasing receptor activity at lower glycine concentrations.

In an in vivo setting, TFA can trifluoroacetylate amino groups in proteins and phospholipids, inducing potentially unwanted antibody responses. Moreover, TFA can impact structure studies as it affects spectrum absorption.