Catestatin (human) peptide (TFA removed)

Catestatin (human) peptide (TFA removed)

• COA/MS/HPLC Report
• Handling and Storage of Synthetic Peptides
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

Batch to batch variation of the purity

SSMKLSFRARAYGFRGPGPQL

H-Ser-Ser-Met-Lys-Leu-Ser-Phe-Arg-Ala-Arg-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Phe-Arg-Gly-Pro-Gly-Pro-Gln-Leu-OH

21

96.88%

C₁₀₄H₁₆₄N₃₂O₂₇S

2326.65

Synthetic

Powder

Catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide derived form chromogranin A (CHGA). Diminished expression of catestatin might increase the risk for hypertension. In Chga-/- mice rescue of elevated blood pressure to normalcy was achieved by either exogenous replacement of catestatin or transgenic expression of human Chga. Active against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. This sequence is highly conserved across species. There are three single nucleotide polymorphisms: G364S, P370L, and R374Q. The G364S and R374Q mutants are inactive while the P370L mutant is more active than the WT. A recent study (Radek et al. Gallo, RL 2008. J Invest Dermatol 128:1525-34) established that this peptide is upregulated upon injury of skin and is part of cutaneous immune systems. It can induce mast cell migration, degranulation and production of cytokines and chemokines (Aung G et al 2011 Immunology 132:527-39). The peptide is also antioxidant, thereby preventing free radical-induced DNA damage (Mohseni S et al., 2014). Updated 9/11; 4/2014 GW. Catestatin has Antibacterial, Antifungal activity. Catestatin was found in Homo sapiens.

Normally, this peptide will be delivered in lyophilized form and should be stored in a freezer at or below -20 °C. For more details, please refer to the manual: Handling and Storage of Synthetic Peptides

• C.V.Taylor et al., J. Biol. Chem., 5, 275 (2000)
• N.R.Mahapatra et al., J. Clin. Invest., 115, 1942 (2005)
• N.R.Mahapatra, Cardiovasc. Res., 80, 330 (2008)

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) has a significant impact on peptides due to its role in the peptide synthesis process.

TFA is essential for the protonation of peptides that lack basic amino acids such as Arginine (Arg), Histidine (His), and Lysine (Lys), or ones that have blocked N-termini. As a result, peptides often contain TFA salts in the final product.

TFA residues, when present in custom peptides, can cause unpredictable fluctuations in experimental data. At a nanomolar (nM) level, TFA can influence cell experiments, hindering cell growth at low concentrations (as low as 10 nM) and promoting it at higher doses (0.5–7.0 mM). It can also serve as an allosteric regulator on the GlyR of glycine receptors, thereby increasing receptor activity at lower glycine concentrations.

In an in vivo setting, TFA can trifluoroacetylate amino groups in proteins and phospholipids, inducing potentially unwanted antibody responses. Moreover, TFA can impact structure studies as it affects spectrum absorption.