Esculentin-2CHa peptide

• Handling and Storage of Synthetic Peptides
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

Batch to batch variation of the purity

Esculentin-2CHa is a host-defense peptide originally isolated from the skin secretions of the Chiricahua leopard frog, Lithobates chiricahuensis. The peptide has the primary structure GFSSIFRGVAKFASKGLGKDLAKLGVDLVACKISKQC and demonstrates potent growth-inhibitory activity against a range of bacteria, including multidrug-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ≤6 µM. Esculentin-2CHa also exhibits differential cytotoxic activity, with lower toxicity toward human erythrocytes (LC50 = 150 µM) compared to human non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells (LC50 = 10 µM).

The peptide has immunomodulatory properties, as it significantly stimulates the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by mouse lymphoid cells and elevates TNF-α production by peritoneal macrophages. Structure-function analysis reveals that the N-terminal hexapeptide (GFSSIF) is critical for both antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, as its removal abolishes activity against S. aureus and reduces potency against other bacteria. The cyclic C-terminal domain (CKISKQC) also contributes to peptide activity, while increasing cationicity through amino acid substitutions enhances potency but also raises cytotoxicity against mammalian cells.

• Conlon JM, Mechkarska M, Coquet L, et al. Characterization of antimicrobial peptides in skin secretions from discrete populations of Lithobates chiricahuensis (Ranidae) from central and southern Arizona. Peptides. 2011;32(4):664-9.
• Attoub S, Mechkarska M, Sonnevend A, Radosavljevic G, Jovanovic I, Lukic ML, Conlon JM. Esculentin-2CHa: a host-defense peptide with differential cytotoxicity against bacteria, erythrocytes and tumor cells. Peptides. 2013 Jan;39:95-102.
• Ojo OO, Srinivasan DK, Owolabi BO, Vasu S, Conlon JM, Flatt PR, Abdel-Wahab YH. Esculentin-2CHa-Related Peptides Modulate Islet Cell Function and Improve Glucose Tolerance in Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance. PLoS One. 2015 Oct 29;10(10):e0141549.
• Pantic JM, Jovanovic IP, Radosavljevic GD, Arsenijevic NN, Conlon JM, Lukic ML. The Potential of Frog Skin-Derived Peptides for Development into Therapeutically-Valuable Immunomodulatory Agents. Molecules. 2017 Dec 13;22(12):2071.
• Adesanoye OA, Farodoye OM, Adedara AO, Falobi AA, Abolaji AO, Ojo OO. Beneficial actions of esculentin-2CHa(GA30) on high sucrose-induced oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021 Nov;157:112620.

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a common counterion from the purification process using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The presence of TFA can affect the peptide's net weight, appearance, and solubility.

Impact on Net Weight: The TFA salt contributes to the total mass of the product. In most cases, the peptide content constitutes >80% of the total weight, with TFA accounting for the remainder.

Solubility: TFA salts generally enhance the solubility of peptides in aqueous solutions.

In Biological Assays: For most standard in vitro assays, the residual TFA levels do not cause interference. However, for highly sensitive cellular or biochemical studies, please be aware of its presence.