Based on their structure, detergents can be broadly classified as: Ionic, Zwitterionic and Non-ionic.
Ionic detergents contain anionic or cationic head groups and possess a net charge. The size of an ionic detergent micelle is determined by the combined effect of hydrophobic attraction of the side chains and the repulsive forces of the ionic groups. Consequently, neutralizing the charge on the head group with increasing concentrations of a counter ion leads to a larger micellar size. Micellar size also increases with the increase in alkyl chain length. Ionic detergents are extremely effective in the solubilization of membrane proteins but are almost always denaturing to some extent.
Non-ionic detergents contain uncharged, hydrophilic head groups that consist of either polyoxyethylene moieties or glycosidic groups. Since non-ionic detergents break lipid-lipid and lipid-protein, but not protein-protein interactions, they are considered non-denaturing. Thus, they are widely used in the isolation of membrane proteins in their biologically active form. Unlike ionic detergents, salts have minimal effect on the micellar size of non-ionic detergents.
Zwitterionic detergents have characteristics of both ionic and non-ionic types. Like non-ionic detergents, the zwittergents do not possess a net charge, they lack conductivity and electrophoretic mobility, and do not bind to ion-exchange resins. However, like ionic detergents, they are efficient at breaking protein-protein interactions. Steroid-based zwittergents such as CHAPS are less denaturing than linear-chain zwitterionic detergents.
| Name | Type | CAS | M.W. | CMC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASB-14, Amidosulfobetaine-14 | Zwitterionic | 216667-08-2 | 434.68 | 8mM |
| Brij 58 | Non-Ionic | 9004-95-9 | 1122.0 (avg.) | 0.004 mM |
| Brij L23 | Non-Ionic | 9002-92-0 | 1198.0 (avg.) | 0.091 Mm |
| CHAPS | Zwitterionic | 75621-03-3 | 614.88 | 8 mM |
| CHAPS hydrate | Zwitterionic | 331717-45-4 | 614.88 | 8 mM |
| CHAPSO | Zwitterionic | 82473-24-3 | 630.88 | 8 mM |
| Chenodeoxycholic acid | Anionic | 474-25-9 | 392.57 | 3 mM |
| CTAB, Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide | Cationic | 57-09-0 | 364.45 | 0.92 mM |
| CYMAL-2 | Non-Ionic | 260804-65-7 | 452.49 | 120 mM |
| CYMAL-5 | Non-Ionic | 250692-65-0 | 494.57 | 2.4 - 5 mM |
| CYMAL-6 | Non-Ionic | 228579-27-9 | 508.6 | 0.56 mM |
| DDMAB, N-Dodecyl-N,N-(dimethylammonio)butyrate | Zwitterionic | 15163-30-1 | 299.49 | 4.3mM |
| Decyl β-D-glucopyranoside | Non-Ionic | 58846-77-8 | 320.42 | 2.2 mM |
| Decyl β-D-maltopyranoside | Non-Ionic | 82494-09-5 | 482.56 | 1.8 mM |
| Deoxy-BigCHAP, Big CHAP Deoxy | Non-Ionic | 86303-23-3 | 862.06 | 1.4 mM |
| Deoxycholic acid | Anionic | 83-44-3 | 392.57 | 2-6 mM |
| Digitonin | Non-Ionic | 11024-24-1 | 1229.31 | <0.5 mM |
| Genapol C-100 | Non-Ionic | 61791-13-7 | 627 | 0.075 mM |
| Genapol X-080 | Non-Ionic | 9043-30-5 | 552.78 | 0.06-0.15mM |
| Genapol X-100 | Non-Ionic | 9043-30-5 | 641 | 0.15 mM |
| Glycocholic acid hydrate | Anionic | 1192657-83-2 | 465.62 | 7.1 mM |
| HECAMEG, Methyl 6-O-(N-heptylcarbamoyl)-α-D-glucopyranoside | Non-Ionic | 115457-83-5 | 335.39 | 19.5 mM |
| Igepal CA-630 | Non-Ionic | 9002-93-1 | 603.0 (avg.) | 0.083 mM |
| Kolliphor P 188 | Non-Ionic | 9003-11-6 | 7680-9510(avg.) | 17.9 mM |
| Kolliphor P 407 | Non-Ionic | 9003-11-6 | 9840-14600(avg.) | 3.97 mM |
| LDS, Lithium dodecyl sulfate | Anionic | 2044-56-6 | 272.33 | 8.2 mM |
| MEGA-10, N-Decanoyl-N-methylglucamine | Non-Ionic | 85261-20-7 | 349.46 | 6-7 mM |
| MEGA-8, N-Octanoyl-N-methylglucamine | Non-Ionic | 85316-98-9 | 321.41 | 79 mM |
| MEGA-9, N-Nonanoyl-N-methylglucamine | Non-Ionic | 85261-19-4 | 335.44 | 25 mM |
| N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide | Non-Ionic | 1643-20-5 | 229.4 | 1-2 mM |
| n-Dodecyl β-D-maltoside | Non-Ionic | 69227-93-6 | 510.62 | 0.17 mM |
| n-Heptyl β-D-thioglucopyranoside | Non-Ionic | 85618-20-8 | 294.41 | 29 mM |
| n-Hexadecyl β-D-maltoside | Non-Ionic | 98064-96-1 | 566.72 | 0.0006 mM |
| Niaproof 4 | Anionic | 139-88-8 | 316.43 | 2.1 mM |
| N-Lauroylsarcosine | Anionic | 97-78-9 | 271.4 | 14.6 mM |
| N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt | Anionic | 137-16-6 | 293.38 | 14.6 mM |
| n-Nonyl-β-D-Glucopyranoside | Non-Ionic | 69984-73-2 | 306.4 | 6.5 Mm |
| n-Nonyl-β-D-thiomaltoside | Non-Ionic | 148565-55-3 | 484.6 | 3.2 Mm |
| n-Octyl-b-D-Glucopyranoside | Non-Ionic | 29836-26-8 | 292.37 | 18-20 mM |
| n-Octyl-β-D-maltoside | Non-Ionic | 82494-08-4 | 454.51 | 23.4 mM |
| n-Octyl-β-D-thioglucopyranoside | Non-Ionic | 85618-21-9 | 308.43 | 9 mM |
| Nonaethylene glycol monododecyl ether | Non-Ionic | 3055-99-0 | 582.81 | 0.05 mM |
| Nonidet P40 Substitute | Non-Ionic | 9016-45-9 | 680 (avg.) | 0.059 mM |
| Octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether | Non-Ionic | 3055-98-9 | 538.75 | 0.11 mM |
| Pluronic F-127 | Non-Ionic | 9003-11-6 | 12600 (avg.) | 3.97 mM |
| Pluronic F-68 | Non-Ionic | 9003-11-6 | 8400 (avg.) | 17.9 mM |
| Poloxamer 407 | Non-Ionic | 9003-11-6 | 9840-14600(avg.) | 3.97 mM |
| Polysorbate 20 | Non-Ionic | 9005-64-5 | 1228 (avg.) | 0.059mM |
| Polysorbate 60 | Non-Ionic | 9005-67-8 | 0.0055 - 0.022 mM | |
| Polysorbate 80 | Non-Ionic | 9005-65-6 | 1310 (avg.) | 0.012 mM |
| Saponin | Non-Ionic | 8047-15-2 | 1000-2000 | 0.001-0.01% |
| SB3-10, Caprylyl sulfobetaine | Zwitterionic | 15163-36-7 | 307.49 | 39 mM |
| SB3-12, Lauryl sulfobetaine | Zwitterionic | 14933-08-5 | 335.55 | 2.8 mM |
| SB3-14, Myristyl sulfobetaine | Zwitterionic | 14933-09-6 | 363.6 | 0.16 mM |
| SB3-16, Palmityl sulfobetaine | Zwitterionic | 2281-11-0 | 391.65 | 10 - 60 mM |
| SB3-8, Octyl sulfobetaine | Zwitterionic | 15178-76-4 | 279.44 | 390 mM |
| SDS, Sodium dodecyl sulfate | Anionic | 151-21-3 | 288.38 | 7-10 mM |
| Sodium cholate hydrate | Anionic | 206986-87-0 | 430.55 | 9-15 mM |
| Sodium deoxycholate | Anionic | 302-95-4 | 414.55 | 2-6 mM |
| Sodium deoxycholate monohydrate | Anionic | 145224-92-6 | 432.57 | 2-6 mM |
| Sodium glycocholate hydrate | Anionic | 338950-81-5 | 487.6 | 13 mM |
| Sodium glycodeoxycholate | Anionic | 16409-34-0 | 471.61 | 2.1 mM |
| Sodium taurochenodeoxycholate | Anionic | 6009-98-9 | 521.69 | 4 mM |
| Sodium taurocholate hydrate | Anionic | 345909-26-4 | 537.68 | 3-11 mM |
| Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate | Anionic | 207737-97-1 | 521.69 | 1-4 mM |
| Sodium tauroursodeoxycholate | Anionic | 14605-22-2 | 521.69 | 4 mM |
| Sucrose monolaurate | Non-Ionic | 25339-99-5 | 524.6 | 0.3 mM |
| TERGITOL | Non-Ionic | 68551-14-4 | 640 | 34 ppm |
| TERGITOL 15-S-30 | Non-Ionic | 84133-50-6 | 1520 | 558 ppm |
| TERGITOL 15-S-40 | Non-Ionic | 84133-50-6 | 1960 | 783 ppm |
| TERGITOL 15-S-40 (70%) | Non-Ionic | 84133-50-6 | 1960 | 1314 ppm |
| TERGITOL 15-S-7 | Non-Ionic | 68131-40-8 | 508 | 38 ppm |
| TERGITOL 15-S-9 | Non-Ionic | 68131-40-8 | 596 | 52 ppm |
| TERGITOL NP-10 | Non-Ionic | 127087-87-0 | 682 | 55 ppm |
| TERGITOL NP-40 (70% ) | Non-Ionic | 127087-87-0 | 1980 | 232 ppm |
| TERGITOL NP-7 | Non-Ionic | 127087-87-0 | 528 | 39 ppm |
| TERGITOL NP-9 | Non-Ionic | 127087-87-0 | 616 | 60 ppm |
| TERGITOL TMN 10 (90%) | Non-Ionic | 60828-78-6 | 683 (avg.) | 1313 ppm |
| TERGITOL TMN 6 (90%) | Non-Ionic | 60828-78-6 | 538 | 800 ppm |
| TERGITOL TMN-100X (90% ) | Non-Ionic | 60828-78-6 | 570 | 930 ppm |
| Thesit | Non-Ionic | 9002-92-0 | 583 (avg.) | 0.09 mM |
| Triton X-100 | Non-Ionic | 9002-93-1 | 647.0 (avg.) | 0.23 mM |
| Triton X-100 reduced | Non-Ionic | 92046-34-9 | 564.8 | 0.2-0.9 mM |
| Triton X-102 | Non-Ionic | 9002-93-1 | 757 | 0.33 mM |
| Triton X-114 | Non-Ionic | 9036-19-5 | 536.0 (avg.) | 0.2 mM |
| Triton X-165 solution | Non-Ionic | 9036-19-5 | 911 | 0.43 mM |
| Triton X-305 solution | Non-Ionic | 9002-93-1 | 1526.0 (avg.) | 0.65 mM |
| Triton X-405 solution | Non-Ionic | 9036-19-5 | 1967.0 (avg.) | 0.81 mM |
| Triton-CG-110 | Non-Ionic | 68515-73-1 | 1748 ppm | |
| TTAB, Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide | Cationic | 1119-97-7 | 336.39 | 4-5 mM |
| Tween 20 | Non-Ionic | 9005-64-5 | 1228 (avg.) | 0.059 mM |
| Tween 40 | Non-Ionic | 9005-66-7 | 1284 (avg.) | 0.027 mM |
| Tween 60 | Non-Ionic | 9005-67-8 | 0.0055 - 0.022 mM | |
| Tween 80 | Non-Ionic | 9005-65-6 | 1310 (avg.) | 0.012 mM |
| Tyloxapol | Non-Ionic | 25301-02-4 | 0.018 mM | |
| Undecyl-β-D-maltoside | Non-Ionic | 253678-67-0 | 496.59 | 0.59 mM |
| Ursodeoxycholic acid | Anionic | 128-13-2 | 392.57 | 7 mM |
Souce: NovoPro 2023-09-30